![]() | Diplomacy in Black and White: John Adams, Toussaint Louverture, and Their Atlantic World Alliance Subjects: United States -- Foreign relations -- Haiti; Haiti -- Foreign relations -- United States; Adams John 1735–1826; Toussaint Louverture 1743–1803; Haiti -- History -- Revolution 1791–1804 -- Influence; Blacks -- Race identity -- Atlantic Ocean Region; At; From 1798 to 1801, during the Haitian Revolution, President John Adams and Toussaint Louverture forged diplomatic relations that empowered white Americans to embrace freedom and independence for people of color in Saint-Domingue. The United States supported the Dominguan revolutionaries with economic assistance and arms and munitions; the conflict was also the U.S. Navy's first military action on behalf of a foreign ally. This cross-cultural cooperation was of immense and strategic importance as it helped to bring forth a new nation: Haiti. Ronald Angelo Johnson is an assistant professor of history at Texas State University. He has served as a U.S. diplomat at embassies in Gabon and Luxembourg, and he has worked as an analyst at the Central Intelligence Agency. He is also a chaplain in the U.S. Navy Reserve. Patrick Rael is a professor of history at Bowdoin College and one of the general editors of the Race in the Atlantic World, 1700-1900 series. His books include Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North and African-American Activism before the Civil War: The Freedom Struggle in the Antebellum North. Rael is an Organization of American Historians distinguished lecturer, 2010-2015. |
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