![]() | America''s Johannesburg: Industrialization and Racial Transformation in Birmingham Subjects: African Americans -- Alabama -- Birmingham -- Social conditions; African Americans -- Alabama -- Birmingham -- Economic conditions; Birmingham (Ala.) -- Social conditions; Birmingham (Ala.) -- Economic conditions; Birmingham (Ala.) -- Race relations; Indu; In some ways, no American city symbolizes the black struggle for civil rights more than Birmingham, Alabama. During the 1950s and 1960s, Birmingham gained national and international attention as a center of activity and unrest during the civil rights movement. Racially motivated bombings of the houses of black families who moved into new neighborhoods or who were politically active during this era were so prevalent that Birmingham earned the nickname "Bombingham." BOBBY M. WILSON is a professor emeritus at the University of Alabama. He is the author of Race |
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