 | Kratom and Other Mitragynines: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium Source Subjects: Bioscience; Medicine Dentistry Nursing & Allied Health; Physical Sciences; Pharmacology; Medicine; Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Medicine; Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Natural Products; Opioids such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are extracts or analogs isolated from a single source: the opium poppy. For a long time, it was believed to be nature's only source of opioids. But it now appears that biological diversity has evolved an alternative source of opioid compounds-those derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa. This plan Robert B. Raffa is a professor of pharmacology in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Temple University School of Pharmacy as well as a research professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Temple University School of Medicine. He has bachelor's degrees in chemical engineering and in physiological psychology, master's degrees in biomedical engineering and toxicology, and a doctorate in pharmacology. Dr. Raffa was co-leader for analgesics discovery at Johnson & Johnson and was pivotal in the elucidation of the mechanism of action and development of the analgesic drug tramadol (Ultram ). He is the co-holder of several patents, including the combination of tramadol plus acetaminophen (Ultracet ). He has published more than 280 scientific articles in peer-reviewd journals and is the co-author or editor of several books. |
